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Welfare State Convergence or Robustness? Comparing Nonprofit Marketization Patterns Across Belgium, Sweden and the United States

PMR — pp. 1-30 2026-09-16 Original Welfare State Convergence or Robustness? Comparing Nonprofit Marketization Patterns Across Belgium, Sweden and the United States Ben Suykens, Johan Hvenmark, ChiaKo Hung, Aaron Van Steenlandt, Bram Verschuere

Brake or bridge? The dual impact of clientelism on hospital corporatization in Iran

PMR — pp. 1-32 2026-09-15 Original Brake or bridge? The dual impact of clientelism on hospital corporatization in Iran Maryam Zahmatkesh, Ian Kirkpatrick Abstract (原文未提供摘要) 中文 刹车还是桥梁?庇护主义对伊朗医院公司化的双重影响 Maryam Zahmatkesh, Ian Kirkpatrick

The seniority ceiling: Why some immigrants struggle to rise in political office

JOP — 2026-09-14 Original The seniority ceiling: Why some immigrants struggle to rise in political office Olle Folke, Johanna Rickne Abstract First-generation immigrants face a seniority ceiling that limits their political incorporation as candidates and officeholders. Career ladders that require qualification time in lower positions create structural barriers for this group. We use linked data from Swedish electoral ballots andadministrative records to examine this idea. A novel identification strategy isolates the effect of seniority-based promotion structures from immigrant-specific disadvantages by comparing immigrants’ incorporation patterns to those of internal movers—native-born Swedes whorelocate between municipalities. The seniority ceiling explains about half of the immigrant-native gap in holding political positions and almost the entire gradient of worsening incorporation at higher levels. We find strong selection effects at both the individual and group level. The seniority ceiling restricts incorporation at higher career steps for those with fewer opportunities to accumulate qualification time: those who arrived more recently or at older ages.