Original
Evolving Contexts and Diverging Strategies: Federalism and the Politics of Immigrant Welfare Exclusion in the US
Abstract
ABSTRACT The intersection of immigration and welfare has taken a central stage in the politics of social policy and garnered increasing scholarly attention in welfare politics research. While prior research has examined how immigration affects welfare support and welfare generosity in the US, less is known about the determinants of immigrant‐related welfare policies. This paper investigates how state‐level policymakers shape immigrant welfare policies in response to changing social and economic state contexts across the U.S. states from 2000 to 2020. Using data from the Urban Institute's Welfare Rules Database, we create a policy index of welfare inclusion of immigrants to track policy variations across the American states from 2000 to 2020. We then employ panel data analyses to explore the determinants of state immigrant TANF policies. Our findings reveal diverging strategies of state legislatures: conservative state legislatures tend to be associated with more restrictive immigrant welfare policies than their liberal counterparts; moreover, conservative and liberal state legislatures respond to different types of state contexts in adjusting their immigrant welfare policies. Conservative state legislatures respond to rising poverty by enacting restrictive policies, whereas liberal state legislatures respond to declining levels of anti‐immigration sentiment by adopting more inclusive policies.
中文
演变中的情境与分化的策略：联邦制与美国移民福利排斥政治
摘要
摘要 移民与福利的交汇已在社会政策政治中占据中心位置，并在福利政治研究中引发越来越多的学术关注。既有研究考察了移民如何影响美国的福利支持与福利慷慨程度，但人们对移民相关福利政策的决定因素了解仍较少。本文研究2000年至2020年间，美国各州层面的政策制定者如何回应不断变化的社会与经济州情境来塑造移民福利政策。我们使用城市研究所福利规则数据库的数据，构建了一个移民福利包容政策指数，以追踪2000年至2020年美国各州政策的差异。随后，我们采用面板数据分析来探究州级移民TANF政策的决定因素。研究发现揭示了州立法机构的分化策略：与自由派州立法机构相比，保守派州立法机构往往与更严格的移民福利政策相关；此外，保守派和自由派州立法机构在调整其移民福利政策时回应不同类型的州情境。保守派州立法机构通过制定限制性政策来回应贫困上升，而自由派州立法机构则通过采取更具包容性的政策来回应反移民情绪下降。
关键词
移民福利政策、联邦制、州立法机构、福利排斥、TANF、美国各州、反移民情绪、政策指数