Original
Conceptualizing racial inequalities and injustice in social–ecological systems: A foundation for ecology of segregation
Abstract
Segregation, or social–economic inequity across space, is a widespread phenomenon. What can ecology, with its fundamental concern for spatial heterogeneity, contribute conceptually and practically to issues of segregation? And what can urban ecology learn? The relationships of four established perspectives about environmental inequity and injustice can help answer these questions. All the perspectives acknowledge the social construction of race and similar rankings. Patterns and drivers of segregation originate in extractive capitalism, colonialism, settler colonialism, and unfree labor, and have stimulated a long history of work in environmental justice. A comprehensive framework of environmental justice pattern and processes illustrate the complexity of inequity. The framework begins with a two-dimensional matrix identifying different dimensions of inequity. The conceptual dimensions can be applied to real cases to expose a temporal dynamic. Examples from Baltimore MD, show how the dynamic interactions contribute to larger social–ecological systems that explain the origin and change of segregation in specific places over time. This integration of ecology and broadly social processes is newly emerging. Mechanisms and social–ecological outcomes of segregation based on race are drawn from long-term research in a segregated US metropolitan area. These place-based examples are embedded in broader, globally relevant expressions of segregation that encompass city, suburban, and rural places.
中文
在社会—生态系统中概念化种族不平等与不公正：隔离生态学的基础
摘要
隔离，即跨越空间的社会—经济不平等，是一种普遍现象。生态学从根本上关注空间异质性，那么它能在概念上和实践上为隔离问题贡献什么？城市生态学又能学到什么？关于环境不平等与不公正的四种既有视角之间的关系，有助于回答这些问题。所有视角都承认种族及类似等级排序的社会建构。隔离的模式与驱动因素源于榨取式资本主义、殖民主义、定居者殖民主义和不自由劳动，并激发了环境正义领域长期的研究传统。一个关于环境正义模式与过程的综合框架说明了不平等的复杂性。该框架首先以一个二维矩阵识别不平等的不同维度。这些概念维度可应用于真实案例，以揭示一种时间动态。来自马里兰州巴尔的摩的案例表明，这些动态互动如何促成更大的社会—生态系统，从而解释特定地点随时间推移的隔离的起源与变化。生态学与广义社会过程的这种整合方兴未艾。基于种族的隔离的机制及其社会—生态后果，来自对一个实行隔离的美国大都市区的长期研究。这些基于地方的案例嵌于更广泛的、具有全球相关性的隔离表达之中，涵盖城市、郊区和乡村地区。
关键词
隔离、种族不平等、环境不公正、社会—生态系统、城市生态学、环境正义、空间异质性、巴尔的摩