Original
Beyond redlining: Gentrification, displacement, disadvantages, and exclusivity predict urban environmental and health inequities
Abstract
This study investigated environmental justice by developing and comparing four contemporary urban segregation typologies (persistent exclusivity, persistent disadvantage, recent gentrification, and recent displacement-hosting) with historical Homeowners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) zones and 104 variables spanning the natural and built environments, pollution, environmental hazards, health, and disability. We applied principal component analysis to the 2010 and 2020 American Community Survey and the US Census data to derive neighborhood typology indices for 342 tracts in Portland, Oregon. Using Spearman’s correlation and end-member comparisons, we assessed relationships among the typologies, HOLC zones, and environmental and health outcomes. HOLC zones predicted persistently exclusive areas in the urban core but not current injustices elsewhere. Persistently exclusive neighborhoods, both within and outside HOLC zones, had more tree canopy, less dense development, lower disaster risks, better preventive care, and fewer diseases than other areas, but more air pollution exposure. Recently gentrified areas had more transit and community resources but worse heat exposure, pollution, and impervious surface coverage and aligned strongly with HOLC C and D zones. Recent displacement-hosting neighborhoods were cleaner and greener but lack transit and community resources, while exhibiting weak health outcomes. Persistently disadvantaged areas, often outside HOLC zones, faced the most severe conditions, including minimal access to nature, aging infrastructure, the highest pollution and hazard exposure, and the worst health outcomes and disability rates. Our study offers insights into the spatial mechanisms of urban inequities and well-being, underscoring the need to look beyond redlining to fully understand and address today’s social and environmental injustices.
中文
超越红线政策：绅士化、流离失所、劣势与排他性预测城市环境与健康不平等
摘要
本研究通过构建并比较四种当代城市隔离类型（持续排他、持续劣势、近期绅士化和近期接纳流离失所者），并将其与历史上的房主贷款公司（HOLC）区域以及涵盖自然与建成环境、污染、环境危害、健康和残疾的104个变量进行对比，考察了环境正义。我们对2010年和2020年美国社区调查和美国人口普查数据应用主成分分析，以推导俄勒冈州波特兰市342个普查区的邻里类型指数。我们使用斯皮尔曼相关和端元比较，评估了这些类型、HOLC区域以及环境与健康结果之间的关系。HOLC区域预测了城市核心区的持续排他区域，但无法预测其他地方的当前不公正。持续排他的邻里，无论在HOLC区域内还是外，都比其他地区拥有更多树冠、更低密度开发、更低灾害风险、更好的预防性护理和更少疾病，但空气污染暴露更高。近期绅士化地区拥有更多交通和社区资源，但热暴露、污染和不透水面覆盖更严重，并且与HOLC的C类和D类区域高度一致。近期接纳流离失所者的邻里更清洁、更绿化，但缺乏交通和社区资源，同时健康结果较差。持续劣势地区往往位于HOLC区域之外，面临最严重的状况，包括接触自然的机会极少、基础设施老化、污染和灾害暴露最高，以及最差的健康结果和残疾率。我们的研究为理解城市不平等与福祉的空间机制提供了洞见，并强调需要超越红线政策，以充分理解和应对当今的社会与环境不公正。
关键词
环境正义、城市隔离、绅士化、流离失所、红线政策、健康不平等、城市不平等、波特兰