Original
Attacking Women or their Policies? Understanding Violence against Women in Politics
Abstract
We present the first causal evidence that female politicians are more likely to face political violence. Using fourteen years of data on attacks against Italian politicians, we show that marginally elected female mayors—similar to men and elected in comparable towns—are three times as likely to be attacked. We find no gender differences in policy platforms, policymaking, performance, or corruption. Instead, violence emerges independently on women's choices, consistently with discrimination - rather than political influence - driving the gap in violence. Female mayors are less likely to seek re-election after attacks, highlighting violence’s role in perpetuating the gender gap.
中文
攻击女性，还是攻击她们的政策？理解政治中针对女性的暴力
摘要
我们首次提供因果证据，表明女性政治人物更可能遭遇政治暴力。利用十四年间意大利政治人物遭袭的数据，我们表明，边际当选的女性市长——与男性相似并在可比城镇当选——遭遇攻击的可能性是男性的三倍。我们未发现政策纲领、政策制定、执政表现或腐败方面存在性别差异。相反，暴力独立于女性的选择而出现，这与歧视——而非政治影响力——驱动暴力差距相一致。女性市长在遭袭后更不可能寻求连任，凸显了暴力在维系性别差距中的作用。
关键词
女性政治人物、政治暴力、性别歧视、意大利、市长、选举连任、因果推断