Original
The Church as Arbiter: A Divided Right in Interwar France
Abstract
To document the impact of elites’ choices on political movements, we leverage the condemnation of L’Action Française (AF), a monarchist movement, by Pope Pius XI in 1926. As a consequence of the papal condemnation, French Catholics had to choose between their involvement in AF and accessing Catholic sacraments. Difference-in-differences estimates show that the papal condemnation reshaped AF’s territorial distribution and social basis, weakening its support in religious areas while attracting more secularized followers. Following that shift, AF mutated from being a conservative nationalist movement with strong Catholic connections to an extreme organization entangled with a violent and anti-parliamentarian right. Our examination of the role of elites in the development of political movements allows us to shed new light on the dynamics that resulted in the collapse of democracy in interwar Europe.
中文
教会作为仲裁者：两次世界大战之间法国的分裂右翼
摘要
为了记录精英选择对政治运动的影响，我们利用1926年教皇庇护十一世对君主主义运动“法兰西行动”（AF）的谴责。作为教皇谴责的结果，法国天主教徒不得不在参与AF与获得天主教圣事之间做出选择。双重差分估计表明，教皇谴责重塑了AF的地域分布和社会基础，削弱了其在宗教地区的支持，同时吸引了更多世俗化的追随者。在这一转变之后，AF从一个与天主教有强烈联系的保守民族主义运动，转变为与暴力的反议会右翼纠缠在一起的极端组织。我们对精英在政治运动发展中作用的研究，使我们能够为理解导致两次世界大战之间欧洲民主崩溃的动因提供新的启发。
关键词
法兰西行动、教皇谴责、法国天主教徒、政治精英、政治运动、两次世界大战之间法国、双重差分、民主崩溃